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functools provides a range of features that can greatly simplify your code and make it more efficient. The functools module is part of the Python standard library and provides higher-order functions, decorators, and other utilities for working with functions. functools.partial: Partial Function Application Partial function application is a technique where you create a new function by fixing certain arguments of an existing function, allowing you to provide only the remaining arguments when calling the new function....

Pydantic Library Pydantic v2 is a powerful data validation and serialization library for Python. It leverages Python’s type hints to provide runtime data validation, making your code more robust and easier to maintain. Installation To install Pydantic, use pip: pip install pydantic For email validation, you can install the optional email-validator dependency: pip install pydantic[email] Basic Concepts Models Pydantic models are classes that inherit from BaseModel and define fields with type annotations....

Creational patterns Factory Method: Define an interface for creating a single object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. Factory Method lets a class defer instantiation to subclasses. Abstract Factory: Provide an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes. Builder: Separate the construction of a complex object from its representation, allowing the same construction process to create various representations. Prototype: Specify the kinds of objects to create using a prototypical instance, and create new objects from the ‘skeleton’ of an existing object, thus boosting performance and keeping memory footprints to a minimum....

The Visitor pattern is a behavioral pattern that separates an algorithm from an object structure on which it operates. The pattern allows you to add new operations or algorithms to an object structure without modifying the structure itself. The pattern achieves this by defining a separate object called a visitor, which can traverse an object structure and apply a specific operation to each element of the structure. The main idea behind the Visitor pattern is to provide a way to separate the concerns of an algorithm from the object structure it operates on....

The Template Method pattern is a behavioral pattern that defines the basic steps of an algorithm and allows subclasses to override some of the steps without changing the algorithm’s structure. The pattern defines a skeleton of an algorithm in a base class and allows subclasses to implement the details of the algorithm in their own way. The main idea behind the Template Method pattern is to provide a way to define a common algorithm structure that can be reused across different subclasses, while still allowing the subclasses to customize some parts of the algorithm’s behavior....