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itertools is a powerful Python library that provides a collection of tools for working with iterators and iterable objects. The library is part of the Python standard library, which means that it comes pre-installed with every Python distribution. itertools provides a suite of functions that can help you manipulate and iterate over iterable objects in a more efficient and concise manner. In this article, we’ll explore some of the most useful functions in itertools and give some funny examples to help you understand when to use them....

In Python, a generator is a special type of function that can be used to create iterable sequences of values on-the-fly. Unlike regular functions, which compute and return a value immediately, generators can generate a sequence of values over time, using the yield keyword. Example: The following fib function is a generator function that generates a sequence of Fibonacci numbers up to a given limit index n. def fib(n): a = [0, 1] i = 0 while i <= n: yield a[i%2] a[i%2] = a[0] + a[1] i += 1 The yield keyword is used to return each generated Fibonacci number as it is generated, which makes the function a generator....

Duck typing is a concept in dynamic programming languages like Python, where the type of an object is determined not by its class name, but by its behavior or the methods and attributes it defines. The term “duck typing” comes from the phrase “if it looks like a duck, swims like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.” In Python, duck typing means that an object’s suitability for a given task is determined by the presence of specific methods or attributes, rather than its type....

Dependency injection is a design pattern commonly used in software engineering that allows for the separation of concerns and promotes code reusability. It is a technique that enables the creation of loosely coupled code, which can be easily tested, maintained, and extended. What is Dependency Injection? Dependency injection is a design pattern that allows for the separation of concerns between different parts of a program or system. In dependency injection, the dependencies required by a component or module are injected into it at runtime, rather than being hardcoded into the component or module....

In Python, a singleton is a design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a single object. A singleton class ensures that only one instance of the class is created and provides a global point of access to that instance. One way to implement a singleton in Python is to use a decorator. Here’s an example: def singleton(cls): instances = {} def get_instance(*args, **kwargs): if cls not in instances: instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kwargs) return instances[cls] return get_instance @singleton class MyClass: def __init__(self, x): self....